Today is the day when i was being adopted by
my foster parents. i remembered the first time
when they walked into the orphanage and looked
at me for the first time when i was sitting on the
stairs. They went into the caretaker of my
orphanage and greets him. They talk and talk but
i can’t hear what they say but I’m pretty sure
they read my files, when they walked out they
looked at me and gave me a warm smile but i
just looked at them with a blank expression.
Then the caretaker walked out after. He looked
at me with a threatening expression on his faces,
i looked down quickly.
“now adit, start packing now. You’re gonna be
adopted by them and please pack it quickly” i
nodded.
I went to my room and packed my stuff quickly
so that i didn’t upset my caretaker. I walked out
of my room only to see the caretaker there. He
warned me that if i was returned by them, he’s
gonna punish me. I nodded and he told me that
they’re waiting outside.
I saw them outside and my foster dad asked me.
“so, are you ready?” i nodded and we went into
his car.we started talking in the car
“ok so what’s your name?” he asked
“my name is adit”
“ok adit. My name is anya and this is my
husband raysha. You can call us whatever you
want” she said
“umm, can i ask you something, miss anya?”
“ask away” she said
“umm, can you tell me what are the rules in your
house?” i stuttered
She looked at me with a look i don’t understand
then her expression changed into a serious one.
“adit, hmm..m how do i explain it. There’s no
rule in our house. For us, we just want you to live
a normal life and we want share our happiness to
every kids in orphanage since my child died
during a birth”
“i’m sorry that i asked” she looked at me with a
look that i can’t tell again
The ride to his house was silent. I felt guilty that i
asked them that. We got out of the car and went
into the house. I was amazed that it was very
cleaned and it’s like seeing a castle. I walked
slowly and looked around and careful not to
touch anything. Then when i was too busy looked
around, a girl that i guessed was 2 years older
than me came up to me and hugged me.
“oh my god, you’re so cute, what’s your name?
I’m fitria and i’m 10 years old. So what–” she
was being cut off by my foster mother
“woah woah wait a minute fitria, he’s trying to
adapt with our new house. Even though he liked
it when we came in, If you rushed him too many
question, he’s gonna faint any second now” she
blushed and i began to blush a little.
“so adit, before you can looked around, let me
show you your room” she took me there and
fitria followed. I looked around and notice that
my foster father was gone but i decided to not
ask her where he was. We walked into my room.
I saw my room painted with a blue paint and they
looked at me with an expression that they’re
proud of what they done in my room and then
they looked at me with a hopeful eyes
“so do you like it” i nodded and give them a
warm smile. They looked at
“ok. you can rest now if you want. I’m gonna
take your belonging from the car and take it here”
“umm you don’t have too carry my stuff to my
room, miss anya.”
“relax, adit. I don’t mind at all and besides you
can get along with fitria now”
“thanks miss anya” then she left
We both just stand there and not saying. Then
fitria began to introduce herself to me
“ok adit, I’m gonna introduce myself. My name is
fitria and I’m 12 years old. I was adopted 6
months ago and now I’m in 7th grade. So what’s
your name?”
“umm, ok. My name is adit and I’m 10 years old.
I’m in 7th grade”
“what, you’re 7th grade?” i nodded
“wow, i got a genius brother” she hugged me.
Even though i just know her, i feel content with
her.
“so what’s your story before you went to the
orphanage?” she asked me but i answered it
hesitantly
“i-i was in a car accident b-but when i woke up in
the hospital, the doctor told me that m-my
parents and my only sister died during operation”
then i felt tears assemble in my eyes but i tried to
hold my tears to rolled down my cheeks.
“I’m sorry that i asked” then she hugged me. I
refused to cry but it took all of my will power to
prevent them from falling. She hugged me for
awhile and my foster mother came back with my
bag and then she looked at us
“awww, you guys already like each other now”
fitria stopped hugging me and released me
quickly.
“mommm, stop teasing and besides he’s my
brother forever so i must loved him” she began
to blush and i felt happy when she says those
words and i let out warm smile unconsciously.
“ok then. adit, if you’re done hugging with fitria,
you can started unpacking. meanwhile fitria and i
prepare a welcome dinner for you.” i nodded and
they left
I started unpacking and after I’m done, I’m
eating together with them. I’m the first one that
finish my dinner and i looked at the clock that
says 7 PM. I put my plate on the sink and
thanked them then left. I went to my bedroom
and began to sleep.
Dream sequence
I felt water slowly drop on my head one by one. I
opened my eyes and looked around. I saw that i
was still strapped in my seat belt of my dad’s
car. I felt hurt all over my body and saw my
sister besides me unmoving. I tried to unbuckle
myself but it won’t budge. Then i tried to
unbuckle my sister’s belt but it won’t budge too.
So i tried to wake her up but she won’t wake up
then i noticed that her chest didn’t move up and
down. i checked her pulse quickly but there’s
none. I tried to unbuckle myself again and i felt
the car moved forward a little. Then i realized
that dad’s car was on the edge of the cliff. i
realized that if i moved again, the car is gonna
toppled over and we’re all gonna die. Then i
began to have a panic attack, i tried to calmed
myself down by breath in and out. I looked at
mom and dad, they both still unconscious. Then
mom began move and i felt hope sparks in my
heart. I tried to call mom but my voice won’t
come out, i don’t know why. Mom looked at me
and unbuckle herself. she looked at me and
unbuckle me with force and i felt relieved washed
over me when my mother succeed unbuckle me.
Then my mother fell unconscious and before she
fell, she pushed me out of the car. Then because
of my mother pushed me, the car went forward
and fell. Rain started to falling and i felt tears
rolled down my cheeks and i sobbed
uncontrollably. I didn’t dare to looked down the
cliff and then there’s explosion
End of dream sequence
I felt dried tears on my cheeks and i put both
hands on my ears. I began to cry, i tried to closed
my ears with my hands but the sound of the car
exploding still rang on my ears. I don’t know how
long i cried but what i know is somebody hugged
me and i cried into her shoulder until i fell into a
dreamless sleep.
In the morning
A bright light shone through my room, i woke up
and felt content but i don’t remember what my
dreams are. i wondered why i don’t remember
my nightmare. I decide to think about that later. I
looked at the calendar in front of me. It says
24th desember and then i looked at the clock and
it says 10 AM. I remembered that today was
christmas but i guessed that this christmas is no
better than the last. I walked out of my room in
my pajama. I went to the living room and looked
that there was a christmas tree. I saw fitria and
my foster parent hanging a decoration on the
tree. I saw a gift under the tree and I can’t help
but wondering what did i get this christmas.
Fitria saw me
“hi adit, morning”
“morning”
Then my foster parents looked at me and smiled
“well, adit. You don’t have to hide your curiosity
from us, we’re practically a family now” as soon
as he said that, i blushed.
“what do you mean dad?” she began to ask him
“well, your brother here always looked at the gift
below this tree. So i figured he wanted to open it
quickly” fitria began to laugh and when i heard
that word, i began to have a flashback of the day
of the accident and i quickly sat down.
They began to look at me worriedly. I closed my
eyes and closed my ears with both of my hands
and mumbled ‘please, no’. I felt someone
hugging me and telling me ‘it’s not my fault’. I
opened my eyes and saw fitria hugged me.
Then i remembered the sensation from the
feeling i felt this morning. It was fitria.
“adit, it’s okay to cry. we’re family now. You’re
not the one to blame from the accident. I
promise you that we all gonna be together from
now on and i promised you that your genius is
gonna be put in a good use” i laughed a little and
cry a little
“awww, you guys are so cute together. Let’s take
a picture together”
Even though we just become family yesterday, i
felt like the empty hole in my heart being filled
again. We spent christmas together and i smiled
for the first time after the accident. i hope that
my family in heaven was happy to look at me
now. Being happy with my new family.
Show time
Senin, 04 Juli 2016
Selasa, 27 Oktober 2015
Parts of business letter and Application letter
1. Mention and explain about the parts of bussiness letter !
2. Make an application letter which is you as an applicant !
Answer
1. Parts of bussiness letter :
* The Heading (The Retern Address) or Letterhead
Companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. It bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity.
* Date – Date of writing. The month should be fully spelled out and the year written with all four digits October 27, 2015 (27 October 2015 –UK style). The date is aligned eithe the return address. The number of the is pronounced as an ordinal figure, though the endings st, nd, rd, th, are often omitted in writting. The article before the number of the day is pronoundced but not written. In the body of the letter, however, the article is written when the month is not mentioned with the day.
* The Inside Address – In a bussiness or formal letter you should give the address. Include the recipient’s name, company, address and postal code. Add job title if appropiate. Separate the recipient’s name and title with a comma. Double check that you have the correct spelling of the recipient’s name.
The inside Address is always on the left margin. If an 8 ½”x 11” paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9” business envelope, the inside address appear through the windowsin the envelope.
* The Greeting – Also called the salutation. The type of salutation depends on your relationship with the recipient. It normally begins with the word “Dear” and always includes the person’s last name. Use every resourch possible to address your letter to an actual person. If you do not know the name or the sex of your receiver address it to Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear Sales Manager or Dear Human Resourch Director). As a general rule the greeting in a business letter ends ind a colon (US style). It is also acceptable to use a comma (UK style).
* The Subject Line (optional) – Its inclusion can help the recipient in dealing succesfully with the aims of your letter. Normally the subject sentence is preceded with the word Subject: or Re: Subject line my be emphasized by underlining, using bold font, or all capital letters. It is usually placed on line below the greeting but alternatively can be located directly after the “inside address,” before the “greeting.”
* The Body Paragraphs – The body is where you explain why you’re writing. It’s the main part of the business letter. Make sure the receiver knows who you are and why you are writing but try to avoid starting with “I”. Use a new paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regaedless of format, skip a line between paragraph.
* The Complimentary Close – This short, polite closing ebds always with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge isin the center,depending or the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal letter starting “Dear Sir or Madam” must end “Yours faithfully”, while a letter starting “Dear” must end “Yours sincerely”. (Note: the second wordof the closing is NOT capitalized).
* Signature and Writer’s identification – The signature is the last part of the letter. You should sign your first and last nemes. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropiate. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line. Use blue or black ink.
* Initials, Enclosures, Copies – Initials are to be include if someone other then the writer types the letter. If you include other material in the letter, put ‘Enclosure’, ‘Enc’, or ‘Encs’, as appropriate, two line below the last entry. Cc means a coppy or copies are sent tosomeone else.
2. Application Letter
October 27, 2015
Dear
Personnel Director
PT. ASKI
Jl. Tarumanegara No. 2
Jakarta
Dear Personnel Director.
I am a graduate student in Computer Science at Gunadarma University, and i will be awarded an M.S. degree in June 2012.i am currently looking for a position related to Database/Graphics Package Design in the research and development departemenr of a major company.
Before coming to Gundarma University, i designed, supervised, and completed a CAD system. The function covers vector, character and curve generation, windowing, shading, and transformations.
At Gunadarma University, my research work involves Compilation of Relational Queries into Network DML. To enhance my background, i have taken some courses in computer graphics and database, and I have experience in and an understanding of the design of database. With this strong background, I certainly believe that I am competent to meet challenging tasks and can make a good contribution to your company.
Enclosed is my resume, which indicates in some detail my training and experience. I sincerely hope that my qualifications are of interest to you and that an interview might be arranged at your convenience.
Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
Nurul Latifah
2. Make an application letter which is you as an applicant !
Answer
1. Parts of bussiness letter :
* The Heading (The Retern Address) or Letterhead
Companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. It bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity.
* Date – Date of writing. The month should be fully spelled out and the year written with all four digits October 27, 2015 (27 October 2015 –UK style). The date is aligned eithe the return address. The number of the is pronounced as an ordinal figure, though the endings st, nd, rd, th, are often omitted in writting. The article before the number of the day is pronoundced but not written. In the body of the letter, however, the article is written when the month is not mentioned with the day.
* The Inside Address – In a bussiness or formal letter you should give the address. Include the recipient’s name, company, address and postal code. Add job title if appropiate. Separate the recipient’s name and title with a comma. Double check that you have the correct spelling of the recipient’s name.
The inside Address is always on the left margin. If an 8 ½”x 11” paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9” business envelope, the inside address appear through the windowsin the envelope.
* The Greeting – Also called the salutation. The type of salutation depends on your relationship with the recipient. It normally begins with the word “Dear” and always includes the person’s last name. Use every resourch possible to address your letter to an actual person. If you do not know the name or the sex of your receiver address it to Dear Madam/Sir (or Dear Sales Manager or Dear Human Resourch Director). As a general rule the greeting in a business letter ends ind a colon (US style). It is also acceptable to use a comma (UK style).
* The Subject Line (optional) – Its inclusion can help the recipient in dealing succesfully with the aims of your letter. Normally the subject sentence is preceded with the word Subject: or Re: Subject line my be emphasized by underlining, using bold font, or all capital letters. It is usually placed on line below the greeting but alternatively can be located directly after the “inside address,” before the “greeting.”
* The Body Paragraphs – The body is where you explain why you’re writing. It’s the main part of the business letter. Make sure the receiver knows who you are and why you are writing but try to avoid starting with “I”. Use a new paragraph when you wish to introduce a new idea or element into your letter. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regaedless of format, skip a line between paragraph.
* The Complimentary Close – This short, polite closing ebds always with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge isin the center,depending or the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The traditional rule of etiquette in Britain is that a formal letter starting “Dear Sir or Madam” must end “Yours faithfully”, while a letter starting “Dear” must end “Yours sincerely”. (Note: the second wordof the closing is NOT capitalized).
* Signature and Writer’s identification – The signature is the last part of the letter. You should sign your first and last nemes. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropiate. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line. Use blue or black ink.
* Initials, Enclosures, Copies – Initials are to be include if someone other then the writer types the letter. If you include other material in the letter, put ‘Enclosure’, ‘Enc’, or ‘Encs’, as appropriate, two line below the last entry. Cc means a coppy or copies are sent tosomeone else.
2. Application Letter
October 27, 2015
Dear
Personnel Director
PT. ASKI
Jl. Tarumanegara No. 2
Jakarta
Dear Personnel Director.
I am a graduate student in Computer Science at Gunadarma University, and i will be awarded an M.S. degree in June 2012.i am currently looking for a position related to Database/Graphics Package Design in the research and development departemenr of a major company.
Before coming to Gundarma University, i designed, supervised, and completed a CAD system. The function covers vector, character and curve generation, windowing, shading, and transformations.
At Gunadarma University, my research work involves Compilation of Relational Queries into Network DML. To enhance my background, i have taken some courses in computer graphics and database, and I have experience in and an understanding of the design of database. With this strong background, I certainly believe that I am competent to meet challenging tasks and can make a good contribution to your company.
Enclosed is my resume, which indicates in some detail my training and experience. I sincerely hope that my qualifications are of interest to you and that an interview might be arranged at your convenience.
Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
Nurul Latifah
Selasa, 28 April 2015
BAB I ( PENGHITUNG DETAK JANTUNG)
1.
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar
Belakang
Jantung
adalah organ vital dan merupakan pertahanan terakhir untuk hidup selain otak.
Denyut yang ada di jantung ini tidak bisa di kendalikan oleh manusia. Denyut
jantung biasanya mengacu pada jumlah waktu yang di butuhkan oleh detak jantung
per satuan waktu, secara umum di representasikan sebagai beats per minute (bps).
Denyut
jantung normal untuk setiap individu berbeda – beda tergantung pada kapan waktu
mengukur detak jantung tersebut (saat istirahat atau saat berolahraga). Variasi
dalam detak jantung sesuai dengan jumlah oksigen yang diperlukan oleh tubuh
pada saat itu.
Masyarakat
indonesia membutuhkan informasi deteksi detak jantung yang dapat menyelesaikan
masalah yang dihadapi sekarang ini. Ditunjang dengan pengembangan teknologi
inframerah yang meningkat.
Frekuensi
yang ditampilkan dapat memberi informasi mengenai keadaan jantung, cepat lambat
impuls jantung, ada tidaknya gangguan pembentukan impuls dan gangguan fungsi
jantung.
Sinyalyang
diterima oleh arduino akan ditampilkan ke LCD dengan menggunakan input berupa
infrared. Sehingga, kita dapat melihat detak jantung seseorang per menit atau
per detiknya.
Dengan
dirancangnya alat ini dapat memberikan kemudahan bagi kalangan medik yang masih
menggunakan bantuan stopwatch dalam
menghitung detak jantung.
1.2 Batasan Masalah
Berdasarkan
latar belakang yang telah disampaikan diatas, maka dalam batasan masalah akan
diangkat tentang penghitung detak jantung yang dideteksi menggunakan sensor Infra Red (IR) dengan
mikrokontroler Arduino Uno sebagai pemroses untuk menghitung detak jantung dan hasil yang didapat hanya untuk mengetahui detak
jantung seseorang dengan menggunakan alat ini.
1.3 Tujuan Penulisan
Tujuan
pembuatan penghitung detak jantung menggunakan sensor Infra Red (IR) dengan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno adalah
mengaplikasikan sensor Infra Red (IR)
sebagai input dan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno sebagai pemroses.
1.4 Metode Penulisan
Metode – metode yang
digunakan dalam penulisan ilmiah ini antara lain:
1.
Metode Kepustakaan
Metode ini dilakukan
dengan melakukan pengumpulan data dari berbagai buku yang berhubungan dengan
permasalahan yang akan dibahas, yang dapat dijadikan sebagai referensi dalam
pembuatan penulisan ilmiah ini.
2.
Perancangan Sistem
Perancangan sistem
merupakan tahap awal untuk mencoba memahami, menerapkan dan menggabungkan semua
literatur yang diperoleh maupun yang telah dipelajari dan selanjutnya dapat
merealisasikan sistem sesuai dengan tujuan.
3.
Pengujian
Melakukan pengujian
secara visual serta melakukan pengujian koneksi antara program aplikasi dengan
alat secara keseluruhan.
1.5
Sistematika Penulisan
Sistematika
pembahasan yang akan diuraikan dalam laporan ini terbagi
dalam beberapa bab yang akan dibahas sebagai berikut:
1.
Pendahuluan
Bab ini berisi tentang
latar belakang, batasan masalah, tujuan penulisan, metode penulisan dan
sistematika penulisan.
2.
Landasan
Teori
Bab
ini menjelaskan tentang teori jantung manusia, pengertian tranduser dan sensor,
arduino, LCD dan komponen yang digunakan.
3. Perancangan dan Analisa
Sistem
Bab
ini menjelaskan mengenai dasar dari perancangan dan realisasi sistem baik hardware maupun software serta prinsip kerja sistem.
4. Pengujian dan Data
Pengamatan
Bab
ini berisi mengenai hasil pengujian dari perancangan pengukur detak jantung
dari segi fungsi maupun kinerja sistem yang digunakan.
5. Penutup
Bab
ini berisi saran – saran dan kesimpulan.
Artikel Menegakan HAM untuk Kepentingan Nasional
Artikel Menegakan HAM untuk Kepentingan Nasional
Oleh:
Masdarsada
SULUHBALI.CO
Kasus pelanggaran HAM selalu menjadi
perhatian masyarakat. Bahkan semua yang melanggar kebebasan seseorang
dinilai melanggar HAM. Kondisi ini mengingatkan pada
mencuatnya isu kebebasan dan hak hak dasar
manusia yang pernah menjadi ikon kosmologi pada abad
ke-18.
Pada masa itu hak-hak dasar tidak
hanya dipandang sebagai kewajiban yang harus dihormati penguasa. Tetapi, juga
hak yang mutlak dimiliki oleh rakyat. HAM merupakan seperangkat hak yang
melekat pada manusia sebagai makhluk Tuhan dan merupakan anugerah-Nya yang
wajib dihormati, dijunjung tinggi dan dilindungi oleh, Negara, Hukum,
Pemerintah dan setiap orang. Bahkan pada abad 18 muncul kredo (pernyataan
kepercayaan) tiap manusia dikaruniakan hak-hak yang kekal.
HAM merupakan hak yang tidak dapat
dicabut dan yang tidak pernah di tinggalkan ketika umat manusia beralih
memasuki era baru dari kehidupan pramodern ke kehidupan modern. Betapa ham
telah mendapat tempat khusus di
tengah-tengah perkembangan kehidupan manusia mulai
abad 18 sampai sekarang.
Negara wajib melindungi dan menjunjung
tinggi HAM karena masyarakat telah menyerahkan sebagian hak-haknya kepada
negara untuk dijadikan hukum (Teori Kontrak Sosial). Negara memiliki hak
membuat hukum dan menjatuhkan hukuman atas pelanggaran HAM. Negara, pemerintah
atau organisasi apapun berkewajiban untuk mengakui dan melindungi hak asasi
manusia pada setiap manusia tanpa terkecuali. Ini berarti bahwa HAM harus
selalu menjadi titik tolak dan tujuan dalam penyelenggaraan kehidupan
bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara.
Dalam penjelasan umum Undang-Undang
No. 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yang menyatakan bahwa sejarah
bangsa Indonesia hingga kini mencatat berbagai penderitaan,
kesengsaraan dan kesenjangan sosial, yang disebabkan oleh perilaku yang tidak
adil dan diskriminatif atas dasar etnis, ras, warna, kulit, budaya, bahasa,
agama, golongan, jenis kelamin, dan status sosial yang lain. Perilaku tidak
adil dan diskriminatif tersebut merupakan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. baik
yang bersifat vertikal (dilakukan oleh aparat negara terhadap warga
negara atau sebaliknya) maupun horizontal (antar warga negara
sendiri) dan tidak sedikit yang masuk kategori pelanggaran hak asasi manusia
yang berat (grossviolation of human rights).
Kewajiban menghormati hak asasi
manusia tercermin dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar
Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 yang menjiwai keseluruhan pasal
dalam batang tubuhnya, terutama yang berkaitan dengan persamaan kedudukan warga
negara dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, hak atas pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang
layak, kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul, hak untuk mengeluarkan pikiran
dengan lisan dan tulisan, kebebasan memeluk agama dan untuk beribadat sesuai
dengan agama dan kepercayaannya itu, serta hak untuk memperoleh pendidikan dan
pengajaran dan tersurat dalam Pasal 28A sampai Pasal 28J Undang-Undang Dasar
1945 yang yang mengatur tentang hak asasi manusia.
Kasus – kasus pelanggaran HAM pada
periode 1998 – 2011, diantaranya : Kasus Semanggi I dan II, Trisakti ( Tahun
1998 ), Kasus Poso ( Tahun 1998 ), Kasus Ambon ( Tahun 1999 ), Kasus Sampit (
Tahun 2001 ), Kasus Ahmadiyah ( Tahun 2007 – 2008 ), Kasus pelarangan pendirian
rumah ibadah Ahmadiyah ( 2009 – 2010 ), Kasus Prita Mulyasari ( Tahun 2010 –
2011 ).
Namun demikian dalam era reformasi
ini telah berhasil disusun instrumen-instrumen penegakan HAM. Diantaranya
amandemen UUD 1945 yang kemudian memasukkan HAM dalam Bab tersendiri dengan
pasal-pasal yang menyebutkan HAM secara lebih detail. Selain amandemen UUD 1945
juga ditetapkannya Ketetapan MPR RI No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang Hak Asasi
Manusia yang menugaskan kepada lembaga lembaga tinggi negara dan seluruh
aparatur pemerintah untuk menghormati, menegakkan dan menyebarluaskan pemahaman
mengenai HAM kepada seluruh masyarakat.
UUD 1945 juga menugaskan kepada
Presiden RI dan DPR RI untuk meratifikasi berbagai instrumen PBB tentang HAM
sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan UUD 45 dan
diudangkannya Undang Undang RI No 09 Tahun 1998 Tentang Kemerdekaan
Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum dan Undang Undang RI No 39 Tahun
1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia serta memperkuat posisi Komnas HAM yang
dibentuk sebelumnya. Berdasarkan Keppres. No 50 Tahun 1993 Tentang Komisi
Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, serta diundangkannya Undang Undang RI No 26 Tahun
2000 Tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia.
Peran Serta Masyarakat
Penegakan HAM di negara kita tidak
akan berhasil jika hanya mengandalkan tindakan dari pemerintah. Peran serta
lembaga independen dan masyarakat sangat diperlukan. Upaya penegakan hak asasi
manusia ini akan memberikan hasil yang maksimal manakala didukung oleh semua
pihak. Usaha yang dilakukan Komnas HAM tidak akan efektif apabila tidak
ada dukungan dari masyarakat.
Sebagai contoh, Komnas HAM telah
bertekad untuk memaksimalkan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dengan membuka kotak
pengaduan dari masyarakat. Tekad dan usaha ini tidak akan berhasil apabila
masyarakat enggan atau memilih diam terhadap berbagai praktik pelanggaran HAM.
Oleh karena itu, partisipasi masyarakat untuk bersama-sama mengupayakan penegakan
HAM sangat dibutuhkan.
Bentuk-bentuk partisipasi masyarakat
dapat diwujudkan melalui hal-hal berikut:
- Menyampaikan laporan atau pengaduan atas terjadinya pelanggaran hak asasi manusia kepada Komnas HAM atau lembaga berwenang lainnya.
- Masyarakat juga dapat berpartisipasi dalam bentuk usulan mengenai perumusan kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan hak asasi manusia kepada Komnas HAM atau lembaga terkait lainnya.
- Masyarakat juga dapat bekerja sama dengan Komnas HAM untuk meneliti, memberi pendidikan, dan meyebarluaskan informasi mengenai HAM pada segenap lapisan masyarakat.
Peran masyarakat terhadap upaya
penegakan HAM, misalnya muncul berbagai aktivis dan advokasi LSM (Lembaga
Swadaya Masyarakat). Para aktivis dapat mengontrol atau mengkritisi kebijakan
pemerintah yang rawan terhadap pelanggaran HAM. Mereka juga dapat mendata
kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM dan melakukan pembelaan atau pendampingan. LSM
tersebut bisa menangani berbagai masalah, misalnya masalah kesehatan masyarakat,
korupsi, demokrasi, pendidikan, kemiskinan, lingkungan, penegakan hukum.
Kehadiran LSM-LSM ini dapat menjadi
kekuatan penyeimbang sekaligus pengontrol langkah-langkah pemerintah dalam
pelaksanaan HAM di Indonesia, Namun kiranya penegakan HAM juga harus mencermati
kepentingan nasional, artinya tidak sekedar menjadi alat kepentingan asing,
sementara disisi lain terdapat negara asing yang mensponsori berbagai Lembaga
Non Pemerintah (LSM) untuk menegakan HAM terhadap beberapa isu, tetapi negara
sponsor tersebut juga melakukan pelanggaran HAM terhadap negara lainnya atau
terhadap warga negaranya sendiri dengan menerapkan standar ganda, untuk itu
mari kita semua membangun iklim negara Indonesia yang demokratis, yang
menghormati HAM yang didasari oleh kepentingan nasional kita dalam rangka
mencapai Indonesia yang kita cita-citakan.
Masdarsada * Penulis Pemerhati
masalah Sosial Keamanan dan aktif pada Forum Dialog (Fordial) Ketahanan
Sipil.
Referensi
: suluhbali.co/menegakan-ham-untuk-kepentingan-nasional/
Selasa, 17 Maret 2015
ASI DAN MENYUSUI
NAMA : NURUL LATIFAH
NPM : 25112542
LINK BLOG : nurulnuy899@blogspot.com
JAM POSTING : 20.31
ASI DAN MENYUSUI
ASI adalah makanan
terbaik bagi bayi sampai ia berumur sekitar enam bulan, dan setelah itu makanan
lain bisa secara bertahap diperkenalkan kepadanya sehingga pada akhir tahun
pertama, bayi sudah harus mulai makan makanan yang dimasak bagi seluruh
keluarga.
Adapun istilah
pemberian makanan kepada bayi, yakni:
·
Menyusui eksklusif
·
Menyusui dominan
·
Menyusui parsial
·
Menyusui kadang kala
·
Pemberian makanan buatan
·
Pemberian makanan melalui botol
·
Pemberian makanan tambahan pada waktunya
Menyusui adalah sesuatu
yang alami, dan segala sesuatu yang alami adalah yang terbaik bagi semua orang.
Telah dibuktikan tanpa keraguan bahwa ASI saja sudah cukup bagi enam bulan
pertama dalam kehidupan seseorang. Memberikan bahkan hanya beberapa sendok air
kepada bayi Anda dapat mengurangi konsumsi ASI oleh bayi. Menyusui eksklusif
juga mencegah penurunan berat badan yang diasosiasikan dengan sakit pada bayi. Menyusui
yang sukses menuntut Anda untuk mempraktikan enam panduan berikut:
1. Mulailah
menyusui dalam waktu setengah jam setelah melahirkan
2. Belajarlah
dari dokter atau perawat yang terlatih tentang teknik menyusui yang benar
3. Jangan
berikan makanan atau minuman lain selain ASI kepada bayi, kecuali alasan medis
4. Biarkan
bayi ada bersama Anda sepanjang hari dan malam hari segera setelah melahirkan
5. Susui
bayi hanya pada saat iamembutuhkannya
6. Jangan
berikan dotatau empeng apa pun kepada bayi yang minum ASI
·
Apa manfaat menyusui ?
Menyusui bermanfaat
baik bagi Anda dan bayi Anda.bahkan ketika Anda tidak sehat, kurang gizi, atau
hamil, payudara Anda akan mengeluarkan ASI yang terbaik bagi bayi Anda. Manfaat
paling penting dari menyusui adalah perlindungan terhadap infeksi seperti diare,
infeksi pernafasan, dan lain – lain. Bahkan ketika Anda mengidap suatu infeksi,
bayi Anda terlindungi. Hal itu terjadi karena segera setelah penyakit apa pun
memasuki tubuh Anda, Anda memproduksi antibodi untuk melawannya. Antibodi ini
dikeluarkan juga melalui ASI. Maka, bayi Anda sudah dipersenjatai dengan
perlindungan melawan infeksi apa pun yang diidap oleh Anda maupun anggota
keluarga yang lain. Menyusui juga memiliki beberapa manfaat psikologis. Menyusui
memberi Anda kesempatan yang lebih besar untuk berhubungan secara intim dengan
bayi dan mengembangkan relasi penuh kasih sayang dalam jangka panjang.
·
Berapa lamanya durasi setiap kali
menyusui?
Durasi menyusui berbeda
– beda karena setiap bayi memiliki pola isap yang berbeda – beda. Yang lebih penting
dari durasi menyusui adalah membiarkan bayi mengosongkan satu payudara sebelum
menawarkan kepadanya payudara lainnya, ini akan membuat bayi mendapatkan hind
milk yang penting untuk pertambahan berat badan.
·
Apa itu mestitis?
Mastitis adalah istilah
yang digunakan untuk infeksi payudara sebagai akibat penyumbatan satu atau
lebih saluran ASI dari unit produksi ASI.
Cara menangani mestitis
:
-
Posisi mengisap
-
Pemijatan
-
Panas
-
Istirahat
-
Memeras ASI
-
Kompres
-
Menyusui
·
Menyapih
Menyapih adalah istilah
yang digunakan untuk penambahan makanan padat pada pola makan bayi untuk
memenuhi semua kebutuhan bayi yang sedang bertumbuh.
REFERENSI:
Ditulis oleh : dr.
Savitri Ramaiah
Diterbitkan pertama
kali oleh penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer No. Anggota IKAPI: 246/DKI/04
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